• Chipens, Gunars
• de Souza, Sandro (Harvard)
• Gilbert, Walter (Harvard)
• Logsdon, John (Emory)
• Long, Manyuan (Chicago)
• Palmer, Jeff (U. Indiana)
• Purugganan, Michael (NCSU Genetics)
• Stoltzfus, Arlin (CARB)

Researchers who study splicing and splicing signals

• Steve Mount's lab at College Park
• Splice Junction Logo (Stephens & Schneider)

Databases and data summaries relating to introns, splicing, exon shuffling, etc.

• The InBase intein database at NEB
• Peer Bork's modules page
• Accession numbers for genes with known exon/intron structure
• Arabidopsis Intron Splice-Site Exceptions
• Arabidopsis Intron Splice-Site Tables
• Bruno's Intron Alignment (ali-fig)
• Eukaryotic Genes
• Genes and Gene Identification
• Group I Intron Database
• Group I Intron Structures
• Integration of gaps and introns in protein and DNA sequences
• The ICGEB WWW Home Page

  Tools

• PIP
• ASC - The Analytic Surface Calculation Package
• USCS Perl tools for exon-intron gene finder

Miscellaneous

• Origin of Introns - Introduction
• Introns: a Mystery. by Brig Klyce
• Another introns-early theory

This page is mostly to assemble resources and information for quantitative research in molecular evolution, for other types of computational evolutionary research, and for development of bioinformatics tools. If what you really want are links to specific databases, genome projects, servers, and popular end-user bioinformatics software, use a web search engine, or start with one of these pages:

• The WWW Virtual Library: Evolution (Biosciences)
• The National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Larry's giant list of databases
• The EBI Molecular Biology Software Archive

General pages with email directories or many relevant links

• UTK Mathematical Life Sciences Archives WWW Server - Home Page
• NCSU page on Computation Molecular Evolution
• Larry Moran's Molecular Evolution page
• Population Genetics/Evolution Email
• Evolutionary Theory Mailing List
• Brian Golding's Evoldir directory
• Search Biologists' Address Database

Departments and programs

• In the humor category: the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture
• NCSU Statistics, Biomaths, and Statistical Genetics
• Computational Biology at UC Santa Cruz
• The National Biomedical Computation Resource
• Mount Sinai Hosp. (Toronto) SLRI Bioinformatics Homepage
• Computational Biology at MCS Argonne
• U. Texas MDACC Biomaths
• U. Penn Center for Bioinformatics
• Mount Sinai School of Med. (New York) Biomathematical Sciences
• U. Pennsylvania Computational Biology
• U. Southern Cal. Computational Biology
• About the Genome Informatics Group
• COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AT MCS ARGONNE
• U. Chicago Evol. Program Faculty
• Yale Biology - Faculty Research
• Penn State Center for Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics and MEGABASE

People and projects

Research in the areas of molecular evolution, population & evolutionary genetics, mathematical biology

• humor: raise numbers to very high powers to show that evolution just can't work
• Monash Mathematical Population Genetics group page
• MATHEMATICS AND BIOLOGY: THE INTERFACE
• Behe's Empty Box
• home of Gavin Naylor
• Iowa Computational Biology Laboratory
• Richard A. Collins, Ph.D.
• Molecular Evolution at Dalhousie
• J-H Kim (Yale)
• Tom Nagylaki's Home Page
• Gunter P. Wagner
• Dolph Schluter's Home Page
• Andreas Wagner
• DR KEN WOLFE - TCD DEPT OF GENETICS
• The Maier Group
• The Redfield Lab
• Walter Fitch page
• Yale Bioinformatics (Gerstein Lab)
• Gilbert Lab Bioinformatics Group
• Felsenstein's List of Phylo Software

Bioinformatics research (R & D of database systems and algorithms for alignment, phylogeny, pattern-finding)

• ACeDB
• U. Penn. - Database Research
• William Noble Grundy
• Sean Eddy's homepage
• BIRCH HOME PAGE
• DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Feature Table Definition
• Delila Programs
• Resampling Stats Home Page
• Mike Zuker's RNA Page
• Anders Krogh's home page
• Gene Myers' Home Page
• Homepage for Stephen J. Willson
• David Fern‡ndez-Baca

Evolutionary computation, AI, A-life, chaoplexity research

• humor: Still More about Rube Goldberg
• Dan Ashlock's Homepage
• John Mayfield homepage
• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH LABORATORY
• COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS GROUP AT IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
• The Santa Fe Institute
• Stuart A. Kauffman Home Page

Sources of software, code libraries, other programming resources

• humor: Welcome to lavarand!
• The EBI Molecular Biology Software Archive
• Genetic Data Environment (GDE) at IMB
• PIP
• Welcome to the Bioperl Project !
• Will Fischer's Public Perl scripts
• Bioperl Proposal
• SEQIO: A Package for Reading and Writing Sequence Files
• The GNU C Library - Example of Getopt
• The Gri graphing language
• Ultimate Parser Library - Table of Contents
• USCS Perl tools for exon-intron gene finder

Education-- course outlines, manuals, howto documents, software to aid teaching

• Math/Biol 227 Brendel WQ97/98
• U. BC Biomathematics 301 (Otto)
• MIS 214/CS274 General Course Information (Spring '97)
• Computational Molecular Biology
• Algorithms for Molecular Biology - Course Homepage
• Molecular Biology, Strings, Sequences, Trees, Maps - Lloyd Allison
• Pairwise Sequence Alignments
• SRS Manual
• U. Toronto Molecular Evolution course (Irwin, Baker)
• Project BIO Homepage
• CS/Genetics/Math 594
• U. Oregon Molecular Evolution course (Lynch)
• Molecular Evolution Lab Manuals
• Mol. Genetics - html textbook by melcher
• download popgen software from U. Wash.
• some molecular biology course materials
• Biology Education Software FAQ

Financial support

• NSF Division of Biological Infrastructure (DBI) and grant proposal guide
• NSF program announcements for Computational Biology Activities and Database Activities in the Biosciences
• NSF grants for Instrumentationin Computer & Info Sci & Engineering
• NSF call for proposals for a Macromolecular structure database
• NHGRI (< NIH) funding opportunities for genomics & informatics
• The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowships in Mol. Evol. and Computational Biol., etc.
• DOE Department of Energy Home Page
• NLM(NIH) U.S. National Library of Medicine
• Burroughs Wellcome Fund for Yanks and Canuks
• The W. M. Keck Foundation
• BioTech: Bioinformatics: Grant Sources and Fellowships

Conferences, workshops, symposia

• SMBs list of meetings
• NCSU Summer Institute in Statistical Genetics workshops
• Math Sciences Res. Institute Genome conference
• The Mathematical Biology of Pattern and Process
• ISUWorkshop 1998
• Biomolecular Function and Evolution in the Context of the Genome Project
• EP98 Call For Papers
• Gordon Research Conference on Molecular Evolution
• GRC Macromolecular Organization & Cell Function
• http://www.unibas.ch/dib/eseb/nextcongress.html
• Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing '98
• RECOMB 98
• The 1998 Annual SSE/ASN/SSB Meetings in Vancouver

Professional societies and journals

• Society for Mathematical Biology home, newsletter, and Bulletin of Math. Biol.
• JOURNALS.At-HOME Home Page
• SMBE Home Page
• The RNA Society
• PBMRT - Bio/Chemical Journals and Newsletters
• J Computational Biology
• Academic Press - JMB Online
• Elsevier Science: alerting services
• Evolution - contents by ftp
• Journal of Evolutionary Biology

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[an error occurred while processing this directive]

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Some Published works on Biochemical Evolution

edited by John Catalano

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On page 179 of Darwin's Black Box Michael Behe claims:

""There has never been a meeting, or a book, or a paper on details of the evolution of complex biochemical systems."

He closes the chapter with this ludicrous statement:

"In effect, the theory of Darwinian molecular evolution has not published, and so it should perish"

(Did someone say publish or perish?: The Elusive Scientific Basis of Intelligent Design Theory)

To be honest, I suspect that the extent of detail Behe is demanding would require a combination cutting-edge biochemistry lab and a time machine. How else can science fully recover, for example, every single step in the evolution of the bacterial flagellum that took place billions of years ago?

In any case the claim itself is false since papers do in fact exist that attempt to flesh out the details of the evolution of various biochemical systems and structures. Many such citations are included below.

But that is only part of the story. There are thousands of additional published papers containing solid and detailed evidence of biochemical evolution:

• Evidence of gene duplications and subsequent functional divergence, or functional loss in the form of pseudogenes.
• Evidence of exon shuffling and modular re-use within proteins.
• Evidence of both natural selection and neutral drift at the molecular level.
• Evidence of the malleable and adaptive nature of molecular evolution itself. For example in recent shocking cases of bacterial drug resistance - the evolution of evolvability.
• Evidence that the phylogeny inferred from protein and DNA sequence comparisons is correlated with the phylogeny inferred from evolutionary biology.
• Evidence that within every studied biochemical system, the "parts" themselves have evolved, and the interactions between those parts have also evolved. Are we to believe that an intelligent designer builds with components that evolve via the blind forces of mutation, selection and drift?

Most of the citations and abstracts below were found using the PubMed MEDLINE search engine and microbiology database. A simple search reveals that there are over 13,000 articles that contain "evolution" as a major subject keyword - hardly the dead silence that Behe proclaims. Granted many of these do not directly address the problem of adaptive complexity in biochemical systems, but many of them do.

Note that I have excluded papers that discuss sequence comparisons being used solely to determine lines of descent. Michael Behe already admits that common descent is reasonable.

Keep in mind this is only a small sampling of citations collected from my own searches, and from the suggestion of others (thanks for those suggestions!)

Last but not least. Please help me find more citations and continue to grow this page - especially if you have a background in biochemistry or microbiology. Thank you.

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Books

• Cells, Embryos, And Evolution: Towards a Cellular and Developmental Understanding of Phenotypic Variation and Evolutionary Adaptability - a recent textbook by John Gerhart and Marc Kirschner (1997 Blackwell Science) - "In writing Cells, Embryos, and Evolution, our aim has been to continue what Darwin started: to understand not only the influence of selection on the path of evolution, but also the capacity of the organism to generate heritable variation upon which selection can act."
  Preface / amazon.com bookstore
• Four Billion Years An Essay on the Evolution of Genes and Organisms by Willam F. Loomis
• Vital Dust : Life As a Cosmic Imperative by Christian De Duve

Immune System

• Immunity and the Invertebrates - "the fabulously complex immune systems of humans and other mammals evolved over hundreds of millions of years - in sometimes surprising ways. Scientific American Nov 1996
• Sharks and the Origins of Vertebrate Immunity. Scientific American Nov 1996
• Evolution of immune reactions - "The history and evolutionary pathways of defense reactions among various forms of life are reconstructed"
• New insights into V(D)J recombination and its role in the evolution of the immune system - no abstract avail
• Evolution and developmental regulation of the major histocompatibility complex
• Evolution of the IL-6/class IB cytokine receptor family in the immune and nervous systems - "we speculate on a plausible molecular pathway"
• Layered evolution in the immune system. A model for the ontogeny and development of multiple lymphocyte lineages - no abstract avail
• Development of an immune system
• The ancestor of the adaptive immune system was the CAM system for organogenesis
• The evolutionary origins of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors: possibilities and probabilities - no abstract avail
• Evolutionary perspectives on amyloid and inflammatory features of Alzheimer disease
• Organization of the human RH50A gene (RHAG) and evolution of base composition of the RH gene family.
• Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system.
• Morphostasis: an evolving perspective.
• Rapid evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily C2 domains expressed in immune system cells.

Blood Coagulation

• Reconstructing the evolution of vertebrate blood coagulation from a consideration of the amino acid sequences of clotting proteins - no, this is not the "ying and yang" presentation from Behe's book
• Evolutionary assembly of blood coagulation proteins - no abstract avail
• Exon and domain evolution in the proenzymes of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis - no abstract avail
• Evolution of proteolytic enzymes
• Evolution of vertebrate fibrin formation and the process of its dissolution.

Globin

• Globins in nonvertebrate species: dispersal by horizontal gene transfer and evolution of the structure-function relationships
• Reduction of two functional gamma-globin genes to one: an evolutionary trend in New World monkeys
• Evolutionary history of introns in a multidomain globin gene
• Hemoglobin A2: origin, evolution, and aftermath - no abstract avail

Flagella and Cilium

• Early evolution of microtubules and undulipodia
• Flagellar beat patterns and their possible evolution - "The most sophisticated flagellar mechanisms are best explained as having been evolved for the collection of particulate food"
• A temporary flagellate (mastigote) stage in the vahlkampfiid amoeba Willaertia magna and its possible evolutionary significance
• The evolutionary origin and phylogeny of eukaryote flagella - no abstract avail
• Molecular evolution of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of a superfamily of bacterial receptors involved in taxis - "The gene coding for the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of these proteins apparently evolved through gene duplication from a common ancestor"
• Dynein family of motor proteins: present status and future questions - evolution of Dynein via gene duplication
• Origins of the nucleate organisms - "The phylogeny supports the hypotheses that the flagellum developed from the spindle system"
• The evolutionary origin and phylogeny of microtubules, mitotic spindles and eukaryote flagella - no abstract avail
• The evolution of cellular movement in eukaryotes: the role of microfilaments and microtubules - no abstract avail

Actin

• Evolution of a dynamic cytoskeleton
• Isolation, characterization and evolution of nine pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) actin genes
• Evolution of chordate actin genes: evidence from genomic organization and amino acid sequences
• Structural comparisons of muscle and nonmuscle actins give insights into the evolution of their functional differences

Cell Membrane - Receptors, Pumps, etc.

• Co-evolution of ligand-receptor pairs in the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily of bioactive peptides
• The evolution of the synapses in the vertebrate central nervous system
• Evolutionary origins of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps in bacteria.
• A comprehensive evolutionary analysis based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the alpha- and beta-subunits of glycoprotein hormone gene family.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

• The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution
• The evolution of metabolic cycles
• Evolution of the first metabolic cycles
• Chemical evolution of the citric acid cycle: sunlight photolysis of the amino acids glutamate and aspartate
• Speculations on the origin and evolution of metabolism
• The Molecular Anatomy of an Ancient Adaptive Event by Anthony M. Dean (American Scientist Jan-Feb 1998) - "Using a combination of the modern techniques of structural biochemistry and protein engineering, combined with molecular phylogeny, the author recreates the story of this very ancient event."

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

• New prospects for deducing the evolutionary history of metabolic pathways in prokaryotes: aromatic biosynthesis as a case-in-point
• Biochemical pathways in prokaryotes can be traced backward through evolutionary time
• Enzyme specialization during the evolution of amino acid biosynthetic pathways
• Enzyme recruitment in evolution of new function

Gylcolysis

• Evolution of glycolysis - no abstract available
• Bioenergetics: the evolution of molecular mechanisms and the development of bioenergetic concepts
• Theoretical approaches to the evolutionary optimization of glycolysis--chemical analysis
• The evolution of kinetoplastid glycosomes

Photosynthesis

• Stepwise molecular evolution of bacterial photosynthetic energy conversion
• Evolution of photosynthetic reaction centers and light harvesting chlorophyll proteins
• Evolution of photosynthetic reaction centers
• Early evolution of photosynthesis: clues from nitrogenase and chlorophyll iron proteins
• Evolution of the control of pigment and plastid development in photosynthetic organisms
• Chemical evolution of photosynthesis

Lysozome

• Molecular evolution of ruminant lysozymes
• Adaptive evolution of lysozyme: changes in amino acid sequence, regulation
  of expression and gene number
• Evolution of stomach lysozyme: the pig lysozyme gene

Vision

• Molecular basis for tetrachromatic color vision - rhodopsins diverged from cone-type pigment
• Molecular evolution of the Rh3 gene in Drosophila
• Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Gene characterization, protein repeat structure, and its evolution
• Spectral tuning and molecular evolution of rod visual pigments in the species flock of cottoid fish in Lake Baikal
• The evolution of rhodopsins and neurotransmitter receptors - another example of the importance of sequence comparisons in studying evolution. Behe dismisses comparisons as a limited tool in determining lines of descent.
• Optimization, constraint, and history in the evolution of eyes
• A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve - remeber the last claim to irredicible complexity?
• Sequence analysis of teleost retina-specific lactate dehydrogenase C: evolutionary implications for the vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase gene family
• The eye of the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi): regressive evolution at the molecular level - no abstract avail
• The evolution of eyes. - "...The presence of homologous constituent molecules in nonhomologous structures reminds us that molecules are not eyes."
  

Development

• The origin and evolution of animal appendages
• Hox genes in evolution: protein surfaces and paralog groups
• Evolution of the insect body plan as revealed by the Sex combs reduced expression pattern
• Sea urchin Hox genes: insights into the ancestral Hox cluster
• Theoretical approaches to the analysis of homeobox gene evolution
• Teleost HoxD and HoxA genes: comparison with tetrapods and functional evolution of the HOXD complex
• Evolutionary origin of insect wings from ancestral gills
• Tracing backbone evolution through a tunicate's lost tail
• Classification and phylogeny of the MADS-box multigene family suggest defined roles of MADS-box gene subfamilies in the morphological evolution of eukaryotes
• Modification of expression and cis-regulation of Hoxc8 in the evolution of diverged axial morphology.
• The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster.

Transcription / Translation / Duplication

• Gene duplications in evolution of archaeal family B DNA polymerases
• Adaptive amino acid replacements accompanied by domain fusion in reverse transcriptase
• Molecular evolution of genes encoding ribonucleases in ruminant species
• Studies on the sites expressing evolutionary changes in the structure of eukaryotic 5S ribosomal RNA
• Evolution of a Transfer RNA Gene Through a Point Mutation in the Anticodon
• Archaeal translation initiation revisited: the initiation factor 2 and eukaryotic initiation factor 2B alpha-beta-delta subunit families
• Universally conserved translation initiation factors
• Genetic code in evolution: switching species-specific aminoacylation with a peptide transplant.
• Evolution of transcriptional regulatory elements within the promoter of a mammalian gene.
• Codon reassignment and amino acid composition in hemichordate mitochondria.

From Russell F. Doolittle

• Reconstructing the evolution of vertebrate blood coagulation from a consideration of the amino acid sequences of clotting proteins - no, this is not the "ying and yang" presentation from Behe's book
• Determining divergence times of the major kingdoms of living organisms with a protein clock - At least Behe thinks that common descent is "reasonable".
• The multiplicity of domains in proteins - evolution via domain shuffling
• Characterization, primary structure, and evolution of lamprey plasma albumin - protein evolution via gene duplication
• The origins and evolution of eukaryotic proteins
• Evolution of vertebrate fibrin formation and the process of its dissolution.

Other

• Molecular evolution of the histidine biosynthetic pathway
• Accelerated evolution in inhibitor domains of porcine elafin family members
• Tandem arrangement of the human serum albumin multigene family in the sub-centromeric region of 4q: evolution and chromosomal direction of transcription
• The B12-dependent ribonucleotide reductase from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophila: an evolutionary solution to the ribonucleotide reductase conundrum
• Ancient divergence of long and short isoforms of adenylate kinase: molecular evolution of the nucleoside monophosphate kinase family
• Convergent evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic notothenioid fish and Arctic cod
• A model for the evolution of the plastid sec apparatus inferred from secY gene phylogeny
• The evolutionary history of the amylase multigene family in Drosophila pseudoobscura
• Accelerated evolution of Trimeresurus okinavensis venom gland phospholipase A2 isozyme-encoding genes
• The evolution of an allosteric site in phosphorylase
• Molecular evolution of fish neurohypophysial hormones: neutral and selective evolutionary mechanisms
• Pseudogenes in ribonuclease evolution: a source of new biomacromolecular function?
• Evolution of hemopoietic ligands and their receptors. Influence of positive selection on correlated replacements throughout ligand and receptor proteins
• Evolutionary relationships of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase genes
• The molecular evolution of the small heat-shock proteins in plants
• Phylogenetic analysis of carbamoylphosphate synthetase genes: complex evolutionary history includes an internal duplication within a gene which can root the tree of life
• Duplication and functional divergence in the chalcone synthase gene family of Asteraceae: evolution with substrate change and catalytic simplification
• Evolutionary history of the 11p15 human mucin gene family.
• Molecular evolution of the aldo-keto reductase gene superfamily.
• Molecular evolution allows bypass of the requirement for activation loop phosphorylation of the Cdc28 cyclin-dependent kinase.

General

• Genetic redundancy caused by gene duplications and its evolution in networks of transcriptional regulators
• Strong evolutionary conservation of broadly expressed protein isoforms in the troponin I gene family and other vertebrate gene families
• Cases of ancient mobile element DNA insertions that now affect gene regulation
• Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations
• The origin of programmed cell death - no abstract avail
• The origin and early development of biological catalysts
• DNA secondary structures and the evolution of hypervariable tandem arrays
• Episodic adaptive evolution of primate lysozymes - testing for adaptation
• Genome plasticity as a paradigm of eubacteria evolution
• Evolutionary motif and its biological and structural significance
• Neutral and nonneutral mutations: the creative mix--evolution of complexity in gene interaction systems
• Exon shuffling and other ways of module exchange and Domain organizations of modular extracellular matrix proteins and their evolution
• Introns and gene evolution
• New Drosophila introns originate by duplication.
• Evolution and the structural domains of proteins
• The role of constrained self-organization in genome structural evolution
• A possible origin of newly-born bacterial genes: significance of GC-rich nonstop frame on antisense strand
• The coevolution of gene family trees
• The evolution of metabolic cycles
• The emergence of major cellular processes in evolution
• A hardware interpretation of the evolution of the genetic code - "A quantitative rationale for the evolution of the genetic code is developed considering the principle of minimal hardware" - note that "minimizing hardware" is one plausible path to evolving "irreducibly complex" systems.
• Speculations on the origin and evolution of metabolism
• Probabilistic reconstruction of ancestral protein sequences and Search for ancient patterns in protein sequences
• The contribution of slippage-like processes to genome evolution
• Molecular evolution in bacteria
• The structural basis of molecular adaptation.

Someone say Intelligent?

• Mitochondrial DNA: molecular fossils in the nucleus
• Cases of ancient mobile element DNA insertions that now affect gene regulation
• Tiggers and DNA transposon fossils in the human genome
• The eye of the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi): regressive evolution at the molecular level - no abstract avail
• Tiggers and DNA transposon fossils in the human genome

Cancer as Molecular Evolution

• Gene competition and the possible evolutionary role of tumours

Test Tube and Artificial Evolution

• Molecular evolution of an arsenate detoxification pathway by DNA shuffling - "These results show that DNA shuffling can improve the function of pathways by complex and unexpected mutational mechanisms that may be activated by point mutation. These mechanisms may be difficult to explain and are likely to be overlooked by rational design"
• Directed evolution of a type I antifreeze protein expressed in Escherichia coli with sodium chloride as selective pressure and its effect on antifreeze tolerance
• Directed evolution of biosynthetic pathways. Recruitment of cysteine thioethers for constructing the cell wall of Escherichia coli
• Exploring the functional robustness of an enzyme by in vitro evolution
• Evolutionary algorithms in computer-aided molecular design

Origin of Life and Cells

• The path from the RNA world.
• Relics from the RNA world.
• A supersymmetric model for the evolution of the genetic code.
• The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote.

(major MeSH 1998 Jan-May)

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Return to "Behe's Empty Box"

comments or questions to John Catalano catalj@spacelab.net

 

 

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Questions and comments should be directed to Arlin Stoltzfus (arlin.stoltzfus_at_nist.gov) Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland, 20850 This site was last updated 1st, August 2006